| Conditions: |
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HIV Infections |
| Purpose: |
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This study will investigate what factors may lead to the development of immune
reconstitution syndrome (IRIS) in HIV-infected patients and what the outcome is after IRIS.
It will also seek to better define and describe the syndrome. IRIS is a condition that can
occur in HIV-infected people following the start of antiretroviral therapy. The sudden
improvement of immune function with this therapy can cause an unexpected worsening of
diseases the patient already has, such as tuberculosis or fungal infections, and development
of fever, enlarged lymph nodes or other complications, or even uncover a previously silent
disease.
HIV-infected people who are at least 18 years old, whose CD4+T cell count is 100 cells per
microliter or less, and who have not previously been treated with combination antiretroviral
therapy or have taken the drugs for less than 3 months and more than 6 months before
screening for this study may be eligible to participate. Candindates must also live within
the wider DC area so that acute problems after therapy initiation will be evaluated at NIH.
Candidates are evaluated before starting therapy with a medical history and physical
examination, blood and urine tests, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray and CT scan of the chest,
tuberculin skin testing, apheresis, and possibly an intestinal (gut) and lymph node biopsy
(surgical removal of a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination). For apheresis,
blood is collected through a needle in an arm vein and spun in a machine that separates the
blood components. The white blood cells and plasma are removed, and the red cells and
platelets are returned through the same needle or through a needle in a vein in the other
arm.
Participants have a complete history and physical examination and additional blood tests,
including genetic studies, upon entering the study. They start taking anti-HIV medications,
prescribed according to the current standard of care, as well as medications to treat other
infections, and treatment of IRIS, if needed. The study lasts about 4 years. Patients return
to the clinic at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after the entry visit, then every 12 weeks (about
every 3 months) until week 48 (the first year), and then every 16 weeks (about every 4
months) until the end of the study. At most visits, patients have a medical history,
physical examination and blood and urine tests, including CD4+T cell count and HIV plasma
viral load measurement. Apheresis is also done at weeks 24 and 48 and then once every 48
weeks. Intestinal and lymph node biopsies (optional) are also done at weeks 24 and 48. A
syphilis test and PAP smear (for women) are done yearly. and plasma, cells and serum are
stored at almost every visit for immunologic studies.
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| Study Summary: |
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A cohort observational study evaluating the predictors, incidence, clinical presentation and
immunopathogenesis of Immune Reconstitution Syndrome (IRIS) in human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV-1) infected patients with CD4 Count less than or equal to 100 cells/microL who are
initiating antiretroviral therapy.
Immune reconstitution syndrome (IRIS) is a clinical syndrome that has been described in HIV
infected patients after initiation of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), and is
characterized by paradoxical acute worsening of an underlying opportunistic infection or
AIDS-defining illness. There is no widely accepted syndromic definition, the pathogenesis of
the syndrome is unclear and there is no specific therapy. The syndrome is more common in
patients with low CD4+ T cell counts (less than 50 cells/microL) and in those with certain
underlying infections (e.g. mycobacterial or cryptococcal infection) and is typically
observed when there is evidence of response to HAART and while patients are still at risk
for other opportunistic infections (OIs) or AIDS defining illnesses (e.g. pneumocystis
jirovecii pneumonia or cytomegalovirus [CMV] retinitis). The incidence of IRIS varies
depending on the studied population and is very frequent in developing countries creating
significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges as well as utilization of limited health
resources.
DESIGN: International observational cohort study. Participants will be evaluated at
baseline and followed according to the protocol follow up schedule after initiation of
antiretroviral therapy for a total of two years. Acute symptoms that may be representing
manifestations of IRIS will also be evaluated at additional acute care visits if necessary.
DURATION: Enrollment is ongoing. Each volunteer will be followed for at least two years.
Total duration of the study will be approximately 8 years (including the optional extension
phase in US).
SAMPLE SIZE: Approximately 600 patients will be enrolled, 200 in Kenya, 100 in Thailand and
300 in US. (enrollment is US will continue until approximately the other sites are full).
Based on the incidence of IRIS in patients with low CD4 counts (approximately 20-40
percent), we anticipate strong power (approximately 90 percent) to identify baseline factors
predictive of IRIS.
POPULATION: HIV-l-infected men and women, age greater than or equal to 18 years,
antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive with CD4+ T cell counts less than or equal to 100
cells/mm(3). Participants will be recruited and followed at three sites: the broader
Washington DC, Kericho, Kenya and Bangkok, Thailand areas.
REGIMEN: Participants will be initiated on ART according to the clinical standard of care.
If an OI or other AIDS defining illness is identified prior to or during screening or at any
point during the study, they will also be treated according to standard of care.
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| Criteria: |
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- INCLUSION CRITERIA:
1. For the National Institutes of Health (NIH)/US site: HIV-1 infection, as
documented by OraQuick rapid test using venipuncture whole blood, or fingerstick
whole blood done at screening; or by reactive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA) and Western Blot as determined by NIH Clinical Pathology Laboratory" or
SAIC-Frederick Inc Monitoring Laboratory. HIV infection as determined by an
outside Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-approved laboratory
facility" will be accepted for enrollment and verified by a standard HIV-1 ELISA
with Western Blot at NIH.
For Keny Medical Research Institute/Walter Reed Project Clinical Research Center
(KEMRI/WRP CRC)/Kenya site: HIV-1 infection will initially be diagnosed based
upon two, serial rapid HIV tests according to Kenya Ministry of Health (MOH)
guidelines. Volunteers entering this study will have HIV infection confirmed by
two serial rapid HIV test in accordance with Kenya MOH guidelines and testing
algorithm followed by a confirmation with a Western Blot using FDA
approved-kits. Samples from participants with discrepant results (between the
results from other institution and KEMRI/WRP-CRC laboratory) and/or
indeterminate/negative Western Blot will be subjected to a nucleic acid assay
i.e. DNA or RNA PCR. For Thailand, HIV-1 screening and confirmatory testing will
be based on 3, HIV tests according to the Thai Ministry of Public Health
guidelines. The subjects will initially be tested with a chemiluminescent
microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) method that detects both HIV antigen and
antibody. Confirmatory testing of HIV reactive samples by two different antibody
detection methods will follow. Positive results by all three methods confirm HIV
diagnosis. Discrepancy between the tests will require a nucleic acid detection
method to confirm HIV diagnosis.
2. No previous treatment with potent combination anti-retroviral therapy (ART),
defined as any protease inhibitor (PI)-based or non-nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimen, or even triple nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)-based regimen, consisting of at least three
antiretroviral drugs (including a boosted PI with NNRTI combination). Patients
with limited use of ART (less than 12 weeks duration) more than 24 weeks before
screening will be eligible for study participation.
3. Screening CD4+ cell count less than or equal to 100 cells/mm(3). * Note: CD4 <
100 cells/microL from an outside or the site's laboratory within 8 weeks prior
to screening can be accepted as the screening value.
4. Residence within the wider Washington D.C. area (approximately within a 120-mile
radius from the NIH Bethesda campus) for the National Institutes of Health/US
site and residents of the Kericho District Hospital catchment area, an
approximate 93-mile (150 kilometers) radius, for the KEMRI/WRP CRC/Kenya site.
Residence within the Bangkok Metropolitan area and nearby provinces are allowed
to participate (approximately 120-mile radius from each of the clinical sites)
5. Men and women age greater than or equal to 18 years.
6. Ability and willingness of subject or legal guardian/representative to
understand study requirements and give informed consent.
7. Be willing to allow storage of blood or tissue samples for future research. (For
Thailand: storage of blood or tissue samples is an optional procedure and
therefore not a inclusion criteria)
8. Be willing to have HLA testing. (For Thailand: HLA testing is an optional
procedure and therefore not an inclusion criteria)
9. For the NIH/US site: Participants should have a primary care physician or will
need to agree to find one during the first 24-48 weeks on study. For the
KEMRI/WRP/Kenya site: Participants must be enrolled in the Kericho District
Hospital HIV Clinic. For the two Thailand clinical sites: participants must be
enrolled in the HIV clinic at either of the sites.
EXCLUSION CRITERIA:
1. Active drug or alcohol use or dependence that, in the opinion of the investigator,
would interfere with adherence to study requirements.
2. Pregnancy will be an exclusion criterion for study entry given the intense nature of
the protocol regarding blood draws, diagnostic testing, and follow-up.
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| NCT ID: |
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NCT00286767 |
| Primary Contact: |
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Principal Investigator
Irini Sereti, M.D.
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Gregg A Roby, R.N.
Phone: (301) 435-8008
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| Backup Contact: |
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Email: isereti@niaid.nih.gov
Irini Sereti, M.D.
Phone: (301) 496-5533
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| Location Contact: |
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Bethesda, Maryland 20892
United States
For more information at the NIH Clinical Center contact Patient Recruitment and Public Liaison Office (PRPL)
Phone: 800-411-1222
Email: prpl@mail.cc.nih.gov
Site Status: Recruiting |